TY  - JOUR
AU  - Pitoyo, Ariel Maximillian
AU  - Husni, Amir
TI  - Effect of Ultrasonic Amplitude on Extraction Yield, Phytochemical Indicators, and Antioxidant Capacity of Sargassum hystrix
JO  - Journal of Biosciences and Public Health
PY  - 2026
VL  - 2
IS  - 4
SP  - 381
EP  - 391
DO  - 10.5455/JBPH.2026.20
AB  - Sargassum hystrix is a brown macroalga containing compounds with potential antioxidant activity. This study evaluated the effect of nominal ultrasound amplitude on extraction yield, Folin–Ciocalteu reducing capacity reported as total phenolic content-equivalents (TPC-equivalents), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant responses of S. hystrix extracts. A completely randomized design compared ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) at 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, and 90% amplitude with 24-h maceration as a reference treatment. The solvent concentration, solid-to-liquid ratio, extraction time, pulse cycle, particle size, and other operating conditions were fixed. The 70% treatment gave the highest reported TPC-equivalents (76.79 ± 0.97 mg GAE/g), TFC (115.38 ± 1.09 mg QE/g), and FRAP response (81.15 ± 0.69 µmol Fe²⁺/g), and the lowest DPPH IC₅₀ (502.30 ± 6.89 ppm) among the tested settings. Maceration produced the highest gravimetric yield (1.85 ± 0.09%), whereas the 70% treatment produced 1.70 ± 0.22%. Exploratory quadratic fits to the five UAE treatment means showed curved amplitude-response patterns, but inferential regression requires the replicate-level dataset. GC–MS tentatively assigned 47 compounds in the 70% extract, with major relative peak areas for n-hexadecanoic acid (13.94%), oleic acid (13.17%), and cis-7-hexadecenoic acid (10.28%). The lower responses observed at 80–90% amplitude is reported as an association; compound degradation, heating, oxidation, and other mechanisms were not directly measured. Thus, 70% was the most effective amplitude among the tested settings under the selected extraction conditions, not a globally optimized UAE condition.
KW  - Amplitude; Antioxidant capacity; Brown macroalgae; Phytochemical indicators; Sargassum hystrix; Ultrasound-assisted extraction
SN  - 3104-8749
PB  - 4Green Research Society
LA  - English
UR  - https://www.jbph.org/article/details/effect-of-ultrasonic-amplitude-on-extraction-yield-phytochemical-indicators-and-antioxidant-capacity-of-sargassum-hystrix
ER  -